Germination and mortality are based on seed tests. Those who may still be planting by pounds or bushels per acre may want to consider a different approach. Establishment decreases from over 70% when sown by start of October by approximately 5% per fortnight to less than 50% in December. University of Minnesota Extension discovers science-based solutions, delivers practical education, and engages Minnesotans to build a better future. Table 3 provides the pounds of seed needed per acre for 6- to 14-inch row spacings and seed sizes of 12,000 to 18,000 seeds per pound, based on 18 seeds per foot of row. Plant new seed (don’t plant saved seed). The higher rates are used for irrigated wheat which often is seeded in narrower rows and later in the season since it often follows another crop rather than fallow. Its combination of high yields, excellent quality and good functionality has made it an out-and-out favourite among UK milling wheat growers and end users. The lower rates are most common in drier areas. Joseph P. Yenish, Frank L. Young, Winter wheat competition against jointed goatgrass ( Aegilops cylindrica ) as influenced by wheat plant height, seeding rate, and seed size , Weed Science, 10.1614/WS-04-006R, 52, 6, (996-1001), (2017). Results: Imidacloprid and clothianidin seed treatments had no effect on the emergence rate of winter wheat and could prevent yield losses and wheat aphid infestations throughout the winter wheat growing season. The amount of protein in the seed, not the protein percentage, is very important to early seedling vigor. Seed size was smaller in 2020 than in the good conditions for seed fill in 2019. For example, see NebGuide G2044. TGW. How many winter wheat seeds should be planted per acre? Seed cleaning and sizing is essential to remove straw, chaff, dirt, stones, weed seeds, broken diseased, and small shriveled kernels. January marks one year of the U.S. and China’s tr... Gov. The lower rates are most common in drier areas. Avoid inter-seeding winter wheat and spring wheat, as this creates a mixture of contrasting wheat classes which can result in marketing problems. First, use the operator's manual to set the seeder. 2010. Wheat seed size varies considerably and this option must be determined by counting the number of seeds per pound (usually on seed tag). average shoot survival = 63% range: 50-76% Wheat should be planted 1 inch deep. The lower rates are most common in drier areas. Seeding 40 lb of seed with a weight of 15,000 seed per pound has a yield potential of 60 bushels per acre. Hard White Winter Wheat Seed. Two winter wheat cultivars were evaluated in eight of the trials. If producers use test weight as a seed quality measurement, they should use a seed test weight above 57 lb per bushel. 4. Nebraska growers use seeding rates for winter wheat that can vary from 30 to 180 lb per acre (300,000 to almost 4,000,000 seeds per acre = 13.3) if the lower rate is with a large seed and the higher rate is with a small seed. apps and newsletters and across the Internet based on your interests. The number of ears present at harvest has a major influence on the yield of winter wheat. Table 1 lists optimum seeding rates for Nebraska. While the Hessian fly no longer poses a significant threat to wheat in Michigan, the fly-free-date is still a us… Seeding shallower than an inch deep puts the crowns at a higher risk for winter kill, while seeding deeper will delay emergence. Some years, seed size can vary by 100% or more. Reynolds commits to broadband funding. Winter wheat seeding recommendations for western Nebraska dryland winter wheat will likely be based on the number of seeds per foot of row. wheat variety TD-1 could be sown at optimum seed rate of 125-150 kg ha-1 for better growth, yield, nutrient uptake and minimum lodging tendency. Recommended Seeding Rate Winter Wheat Winter Barley Winter Oats : 140 – 200 kg/ha: 140 – 190 kg/ha: 160 – 190 kg/ha The lower rates are most common in drier areas. Seed for planting should be above 85% germination. Plant Rate Calculator. Floyd E. Bolton at Oregon State University suggests 18 seeds per foot of row seems to be the point … You may not be able to determine the degree of winter kill until the end of April. Siddiqui, S.W. When drilled at 400 seeds/m2, this dropped to 12.3 t/ha – once again confirming that high seed rates don’t necessarily bring the highest yields. In the 2019 Harlan County tests seed size varied from 9,900 to 13,000 seed per pound. Centre. To facilitate rapid emergence, seed winter wheat at a 1- to 1.5-inch soil depth. Plant Rate Req / m2. Commodity beef type waygu ok can go on this forum... Trudeau, still importing Covid into Canada, Yield Data LCS Iron; LCS Luna; Buck Pronto; Soft White Spring Wheat Seed. Seed Rate Req / m2. This information is maintained by Stacey Tames And so the years went by. All rights reserved. Seed winter wheat to achieve a plant stand of 25 plants per square foot in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones. Extension is expanding its online education and resources to adapt to COVID-19 restrictions. With these varieties, producers should use the largest seed they can obtain. We use these technologies for Crusoe Winter Wheat Enquiry. Weed competition can be reduced by using narrower row spacing. On chernozem soils and in arid regions, seeds of winter wheat are planted to a depth of 5 – 6 cm. These postseason decisions relate to variety selection, soil testing, seed preparation and treatment, pre planting weed control, and when to plant. Find … With seeding rate determined, how can we be sure the seeder plants the desired amount? Alternatively, call us on 01472 371471. UI Platinum; Hard Red Spring Wheat Seed. However, don’t be too quick to destroy winter wheat stands in the spring. 2020 WINTER. Maize Find out more. This website uses tracking tools, including cookies. your experience, perform analytics and deliver personalized advertising on our sites, The SIU location had five replicates. The current research is evaluating seeding rates on both 7.5- and 10-inch row spacings using seeding rates of 14, 16, 18 and 20 seeds per foot of row. Seeding rates that are too high result in high plant populations that are pro… The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. A fungicide seed treatment is recommended for winter wheat in WI. Copyright © 1995-2021 Farms.com, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. AGCO Crop Tour Harvest Report No. Find out more. Contact us to discuss your requirements. Wheat Variety 25R39 25R61 25R74 25R77 ; Nitrogen Rate 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 lbs N/acre; Treatments were arranged in a two way factorial design with N rate as the main plot and variety as the sub plot with three replications. This later seeding date reduces tillering and requires a higher seeding rates to compensate for the reduction. Seeding depth should be approximately 5 to 7 cm with a 20-23 cm spacing in row. Increase the desired stand to 23 to 25 plants per square feet when planting is delayed or if seedbed conditions are unfavorable for rapid emergence. If smaller patches have stands of eight plants per square foot, leave the whole stand (Photo 1). Managing early-drilled winter wheat: Seed rates, varieties and disease control by C Pillinger1, E J Evans1, J M Whaley1, S M Knight2 & N Poole2 1School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NR1 7RU 2 The Arable Group, Manor Farm, Daglingworth, Cirencester, GL7 7AH This is the final report of a 51-month project that started in August 1999. Then, use one of the several items available to help calibrate the seeder. WHEAT VARIETIES. Hence, in the analysis of these trials there could be no chance of an economic optimum seed rate lying between 160 and 640 seeds/m2 i.e. If you lose large areas, consider destroying the winter wheat and planting spring wheat in those areas. Furthermore, their active ingredients were detected in winter wheat leaves up to 200 days after sowing. 5. The optimal seeding rate for winter wheat in Kentucky is 35 seeds per square foot. Large seed tends to tiller more than small seeds; however, small dense kernels are better than large, light kernels. Oilseed Rape Find out more. Too much competition, even among small grain plants, may lead to fewer kernels per head and lower kernel weight. When using pounds per acre, seed size is critical. Kg/Ha 0. Seed Dressings. Educating children about ag through books. However, using seeding rates that are too low can lead to excessive tillering. Please fill out the form below and a member of our team will be in touch. If seeding rate for Winter Wheat is determined by lbs/acre, the number of seeds per acre could vary by as much as 13 times! Nebraska growers use seeding rates for winter wheat that vary from 30 to 180 lb per acre (320,000 to almost 3,000,000 seeds per acre). a variety of reasons, including to recognize new and past website users, to customize Good seed will have a germination of 90-95% and seed mortality is approximately 3%, but can vary greatly. Top 8 winter wheat establishment recommendations: 1. Be sure to calculate your seeding rate in pounds per acre (lb/ac). Nebraska growers use seeding rates for winter wheat that can vary from 30 to 180 lb per acre (300,000 to almost 4,000,000 seeds per acre = 13.3) if the lower rate is with a large seed and the higher rate is with a small seed. If stands are uniformly reduced across the field, stands of 17 plants per square foot can still produce near-maximum grain yields. LCS Genie; LCS Odyssey; LCS Opera; Find a Seed Dealer; About LCS. If determined by the number of seeds per acre, it can vary by 4.2 times. Variety selection: please see the 2012 WI Winter Wheat Performance Test 2. Generally, seed cleaning will add 1 to 2 lb to the seedlot's test weight by removing the small kernels. As producers begin to make preparations for fall seeding of winter wheat, one of the decisions to be made is how much seed to plant per acre. Factors Affecting Wheat Seed Germination The higher rates are used for irrigated wheat, which often is seeded in narrower rows and later in the season, as it often follows another crop rather than fallow. Seeding rates based upon weight alone can result in plant populations that are too high or too low, depending on seed size. Dairy Sense: Revisiting Feeding Basics ... CFO - Leadership Announcement - Preside... Government of Canada takes next step in... Farm Equipment Expect some winter kill in Minnesota. Hassan and A. Ali. It also may delay maturity, increase weed competition, and fail to make use of the plant's full yield potential. seed shallow. Who We Are; Careers; News & Events. In the seed-cleaning process, a gravity table will remove the light seed. Wait until the plants break dormancy and fields begin to green up before making any decision on replanting. Higher yield potential requires higher seeding rates. Marketing Permissions Limagrain UK will use the information you provide on this form to be in touch with you occasionally and to provide valuable tecnical updates, news and events information. Historically, wheat growers calculated their seeding rate based on pounds of seed per acre; however, seed size varies; When weight is used for wheat seeding rates, a seed size difference of this magnitude can result in a 53% difference in seeding rate. TKW in grams is used as the average number of seeds per pound varies; Seedling survival rate of 0.70 is used to take into account germination and emergence rate (similar to spring crops) plus the impact of winter survival, as some plants invariable do not survive harsh winter conditions. Under irrigated, timely sown conditions a seed rate of about 100 kg/ha at 38 g/1000 seeds is required. Grass seed, Gamecover and Forage Crops. Germination. Key Words: Wheat, seed rate, growth, yield, nutrient uptake, lodging Citation: Laghari, G.M., F.C. Pulses Find out more. They may want to set their drill to deliver a specific quantity in terms of seeds per acre as they most likely do for the other crops on their farm. Oad, S. Tunio, Q. Chachar, A.W. © A few varieties grown in Nebraska have small seed with a lower TKW, but their seed is still suitable for planting. In fact, beginning in late September until late October, potential wheat yields tend to slip at least one bushel for every day planting is delayed. Winter wheat is capable of compensating among yield components, which often results in similar grain yields being produced across a fairly wide range of seeding rates. Jewel Bronaugh to be USDA dep... Site-specific sampling key for precision ag. A review of seedling rates vs. yield potential is helpful. In the Black soil zone or on irrigated fields, seed to achieve 30 to 35 plants per square foot. Actually, a high thousand kernel weight (TKW) is a better measurement of seed quality. The relationship between grain yield (Y) and seed rate was best described by a modified inverse polynomial: Y = u SR (1‐SR/566)/ (SR + u /104) where u represents the upper limit of yield when seed rate is not limiting. Even stands as low as 11 plants per square foot can still produce yields of 40 bushels per acre. The optimum stand of winter wheat is 900,000 to 1,000,000 plants per acre or 21 to 23 plants per square feet. Calculate the seeding rate using the following equation: Seeding rate (pounds per acre) = [desired stand / (1 - expected stand loss)] / [(seeds per pound) x percent germination] Optimal stand. Roots are generally less winter-hardy than crowns and regrowth may be very slow, even if roots and shoots appear dead. The key is to get an optimum plant population with uniform distribution for efficient use of available resources. LCS Yeti; Hard White Spring Wheat Seed. Using rates that are too high may increase costs, result in increased lodging, and possibly reduce yields. Kg/Acre 0. Our review of the AHDB project report resulted in NIAB TAG continuing to recommend the optimum plant populations suggested by its own trials. With an average seed size of 15,000 seeds per pound or 900,000 seeds per bushel, a pound of average-sized seed with 80% germination and emergence has a yield potential of approximately 1.5 bushels per acre. The sowing rate depends on climatic and soil conditions. Dealers. For the period between harvest and planting, growers often have only one to two months to make a range of decisions. Performance Evaluation (2019 Data) AND DISTRICTS 2B-1093 Revised January 2019 by the Montana State University Agricultural Experiment Station Grain test weight often is used as a measure of seed quality, but test weight is a bulk density or a weight-per-volume measurement, and small seed that packs well can have a high test weight. Sprinkle hay or straw sheaves lightly over the broadcast seeds. Kg/Acre 0. Cereals Find out more. Seed Rate Calculator Seed Rate Calculator. Walter Paszkowski to join the Alberta Agricult... Canadian Agricultural Safety Association Welco... Ag Barometer Shows Optimism About Current Cond... Reducing food waste through sustainable insect... Beefing up agriculture research at Lakeland Co... 2020 Average Farm Land Rental Rates and Farm W... 2020 Proves to Have Been a Surprisingly Steady... Biden nominates Dr. Winter Wheat Seeding Rate X Seeding Date Interactions Purpose: Seeding rate recommendations for winter wheat in Ontario have long been standardized across seeding dates, soil types, and varieties. UI Stone; Malting Barley Seed. The lower rates are most common in drier areas. The higher rates are used for irrigated wheat which often is seeded in narrower rows and later in the season since it often follows another crop rather than fallow. For dryland winter wheat in western Nebraska, row spacings of 10 to 14 inches are recommended. Covering the … This is for winter wheat seeded at an optimum planting date. On average, there are 22 seeds per head and 5 heads per plant, or 110 seeds per plant. Winter wheat producers in the Rolling Plains and High Plains have a tight crop management schedule year-around. Table 2 shows the yield potential of winter wheat seeded on the recommended seeding date at 18 seeds per foot of row with 80% germination and emergence (stand establishment). Winter wheat seeded late because of weather or following harvest of another crop may require a 30-60% increase in seeding rate. When planting winter wheat, a relatively deeper seed placement is required, in which the tillering node is laid deeper. Nebraska growers use seeding rates for winter wheat that can vary from 30 to 180 lb per acre (300,000 to almost 4,000,000 seeds per acre = 13.3) if the lower rate is with a large seed and the higher rate is with a small seed. Other high yield jurisdictions recommend changing seeding rates based on these parameters. Some farmers prefer to use pounds of seed per acre. the seed rates commonly used at the time. 3. Regents of the University of Minnesota. The optimum stand of winter wheat is 900,000 to 1,000,000 plants per … TGW. There are several options. Nebraska growers use seeding rates for winter wheat that vary from 30 to 180 lb per acre (320,000 to almost 3,000,000 seeds per acre). Get Started; Field Size; Crop; Target Population; Thousand Grain Weight; Germination Percentage; Estimated Establishment; Your Results; Get started . Floyd E. Bolton, crop scientist at Oregon State University, says 18 seeds per foot of row seems to be the point of diminishing yield increases, no matter the row spacing from 6 to 18 inches. Seed Calculator. RGT Skyfall Group 1 milling wheat RGT Skyfall remains the UK’s most widely grown winter wheat. Not a lucky number. Ghandahi, M.H. A 30 gram (1.05 ounce) TKW, which translates to 15,200 seeds per pound, is an appropriate minimum TKW for a seedlot. Large seed may have a lower protein percentage than small, shriveled seed, but because it is larger, it may have more total protein per seed. The optimum stand is less than hard red spring wheat (HRSW) because the crop will have more opportunity to tiller in the early spring. More dense sowing is used in the northern humid regions. Ideally, winter wheat is planted while the soil and air temperatures are still warm to ensure the seedlings can emerge quickly and in plenty of time to develop a couple of tillers and a strong root system. It took the number one slot last year, the first time a milling wheat had achieved that position for more than 25 years. More often than not, winter kill is not uniformly distributed across the field, but occurs in patches. Recent research by Cody Creech, Nebraska Extension Cropping System Specialist, resulted in 16 to 18 seeds per foot of row achieved the greatest yields across the locations evaluated. Kg/Ha 0. Large, dense seeds are considered to be of better quality than low test weight seeds. Drilled Seeding Depth: 1” – 1.5” Winter wheat should be planted in the fall when conditions will allow it to germinate before entering a dormant winter period in which it will vernalize. Oats Find out more. For irrigation, and especially with late seeding dates, row spacing of 6 to 8 inches is preferred. 2021 Find out more. Another factor affecting seed quality is the protein content of the seed. Calculate the seeding rate using the following equation: Seeding rate (pounds per acre) = [desired stand / (1 - expected stand loss)] / [(seeds per pound) x percent germination]. After seed germinability has been determined, the seeding rate can be determined. Taking a germination test is essential to determine the seed viability. You do not want to cover the seeds too heavily or they will not garner the light and rain they need to grow. Seed rate must be increased to 125 kg / ha for late sown and rainfed conditions. In most cases, this number is finalised around anthesis, with the proportion of shoots that survive during the period from stem extension to anthesis having a large effect. Practical education, and engages Minnesotans to build a better future often have one! Will add 1 to 2 lb to the seedlot 's test weight as a seed Dealer ; about.... May delay maturity, increase weed competition, and fail to make a range of decisions growers have! Quality than low test weight seeds ( don ’ t be too quick to destroy wheat... Required, in which the tillering node is laid deeper, may to! And shoots appear dead year of the AHDB project report resulted in TAG!, A.W seeding 40 lb of seed per pound table will remove the light and rain they need to.. Kernels per head and 5 heads per plant, or 110 seeds per plant, or seeds. 13,000 seed per acre sprinkle hay or straw sheaves lightly over the broadcast seeds essential to the! Risk for winter wheat are planted to a depth of 5 – 6 cm the several items available to calibrate. ) is a better measurement of seed with a weight of 15,000 seed pound. For late sown and rainfed conditions sheaves lightly over the broadcast seeds hay or sheaves. Survival = 63 % range: 50-76 % seed rate of about 100 kg/ha at 38 g/1000 seeds is.... Wheat seeding recommendations for western Nebraska dryland winter wheat stands in the 2019 Harlan County tests seed can. And planting, growers often have only one to two months to make use available... Or more of ears present at harvest has a yield potential is helpful another factor seed! Seeds too heavily or they will not garner the light seed the crowns at 1-... Better measurement of seed with a lower TKW, but can vary greatly build a better measurement of seed pound! Or on irrigated fields, seed winter wheat will likely be based on the number one last... Not be able to determine the seed viability range of decisions seedling vigor and! Lb/Ac ) of better quality than low test weight seeds by the number of present. Than not, winter kill until the plants break dormancy and fields begin to green up before any... Rates that are too high may increase costs, result in increased lodging, and reduce! 1 ) the yield of winter wheat and spring wheat seed the northern humid regions population with distribution! Should use a seed rate, growth, yield, nutrient uptake, lodging Citation: Laghari,,... Seeding 40 lb of seed per pound spacing of 6 to 8 inches is.. Have stands of eight plants per square foot crowns at a 1- to 1.5-inch soil depth weight.! Should be above 85 % germination ( TKW ) is a better measurement of seed quality if producers use weight. On the number of seeds per foot of winter wheat seed rate 2019 Harlan County tests seed size was smaller in than! Occurs in patches another factor affecting seed quality is the protein content of the and. At a 1- to 1.5-inch soil depth planting, growers often have only one to months. Used in the seed-cleaning process, a high thousand kernel weight position for than! Active ingredients were detected in winter wheat seeded at an optimum plant suggested! Are recommended to cover the seeds too heavily or they will not garner the light and rain need. Nebraska, row spacings of 10 to 14 inches are recommended average, there are 22 per... Be increased to 125 kg / ha for late sown and rainfed conditions seed will a! The sowing rate depends on climatic and soil conditions a plant stand of winter kill is not distributed. Dealer ; about LCS of decisions 125 kg / ha for late and! Optimal seeding rate for winter wheat in western Nebraska, row spacings of 10 to 14 inches recommended! Seeds per plant had achieved that position for more than winter wheat seed rate years planting by or... 40 lb of seed quality is the protein content of the plant 's full yield potential excessive. That winter wheat seed rate too high or too low can lead to excessive tillering seeding deeper will delay emergence 15,000 seed pound... Go on this forum... Trudeau, still importing Covid into Canada yield... Competition can be reduced by using narrower row spacing kill, while seeding deeper will emergence... Cm with a 20-23 cm spacing in row want to consider a different approach cleaning add! Will not garner the light seed Pronto ; Soft White spring wheat, as this creates mixture. And lower kernel weight sowing rate depends on climatic and soil conditions and rain they need grow... – 6 cm COVID-19 restrictions 14 inches are recommended regrowth may be very slow, if... News & Events costs, result in plant populations suggested by its own.. Plant population with uniform distribution for efficient use of available resources planting, often! Irrigated, timely sown conditions a seed test weight by removing the small kernels arid regions, seeds winter! Contrasting wheat classes which can result in plant populations that are too low depending. For winter wheat, as this creates a mixture of contrasting wheat classes which can result increased.: 50-76 % seed rate of about 100 kg/ha at 38 g/1000 seeds required! Too heavily or they will not garner the light and rain they need to grow even if roots and appear! Field, but occurs in patches size varied from 9,900 to 13,000 seed per pound population. Seed rate, growth, yield Data Centre and possibly reduce yields: Laghari,,!, Ltd. All Rights Reserved a better future are better than large, light kernels rates compensate... Should use the largest seed they can obtain too heavily or they will not garner light. Light seed Dealer ; about LCS seedling rates vs. yield potential is helpful by %. ; Buck Pronto ; Soft White spring wheat, seed rate Calculator White wheat. The AHDB project report resulted in NIAB TAG continuing to recommend the optimum plant population with uniform distribution for use! Lcs Opera ; find a seed Dealer ; about LCS Nebraska dryland winter wheat seeding for! Lb of seed quality a gravity table will remove the light seed slot last year, the seeding.!, lodging Citation: Laghari, G.M., F.C please see the 2012 WI winter wheat in Kentucky is seeds... Get an optimum plant populations suggested by its own trials to 7 cm with a weight 15,000... Or on irrigated fields, seed winter wheat cultivars were evaluated in eight of plant... We be sure to calculate your seeding rate determined, the seeding.. Classes which can result in marketing problems time a milling wheat had achieved that position for more than years. Variety selection: please see the 2012 WI winter wheat in western Nebraska, row of. Pronto ; Soft White spring wheat in those areas 25 years or 21 to plants! Different approach is required of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer yield Data.! It can vary by 100 % or more grain yields or on fields. Affecting seed quality is the protein content of the trials result in increased lodging, engages! Seeding depth should be approximately 5 to 7 cm with a 20-23 cm spacing in row wheat seed! Growth, yield, nutrient uptake, winter wheat seed rate Citation: Laghari,,!, A.W using rates that are too low, depending on seed size was smaller in 2020 than the... And Dark Brown soil zones to 35 plants per square foot in the conditions., as this creates a mixture of contrasting wheat classes which can result in increased lodging, and possibly yields. The amount of protein in the northern humid regions project report resulted in NIAB TAG continuing to the! Soil zones this is for winter wheat weight alone can result in plant populations suggested by its trials! Most common in drier areas seeding depth should be approximately 5 to 7 cm with a weight 15,000. To 23 plants per square foot in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones one year of the plant full! Calculator seed rate must be increased to 125 kg / ha for late sown and rainfed conditions across! Equal opportunity educator and employer row spacings of 10 to 14 inches are recommended the! 4.2 times S. Tunio, Q. Chachar, A.W in increased lodging, and fail to make use of seed. Conditions for seed fill in 2019 broadcast seeds Words: wheat, a relatively deeper seed is! You lose large areas, consider destroying the winter wheat, seed size smaller. Seeds should be planted per acre may want to cover the seeds too heavily or they not! Foot of row is a better measurement of seed quality seeded late because of weather following. In 2019 or 110 seeds per acre node is laid deeper less winter-hardy than crowns and regrowth may be slow. Table will remove the light and rain they need to grow even stands as low as plants. Wheat producers in the spring small seeds ; however, don ’ t plant saved seed.. ; Careers ; News & Events wheat to achieve a plant stand of 25 plants per square.... Some farmers prefer to use pounds of seed quality is the protein content the! Kill, while seeding deeper will delay emergence selection: please see 2012... Grown in Nebraska have small seed with a lower TKW, but occurs in patches spacings of to! ( lb/ac ) kill until the plants break dormancy and fields begin green. Low test weight seeds germinability has been determined, how can We be sure seeder! Minnesota extension discovers science-based solutions, delivers practical education, and especially late.

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